Download Book Give Me Liberty An American History Fifth Brief Edition Vol 2 in PDF format. You can Read Online Give Me Liberty An American History Fifth Brief Edition Vol 2 here in PDF, EPUB, Mobi or Docx formats.
Give Me Liberty An American History
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- Feb 22, 2019 - An American History: To 1877 By - Eric Foner Give Me Liberty!: An American History: To 1877 [read ebook], FREE~DOWNLOAD, (ReaD), Read.
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Give Me Liberty! is the #1 book in the U.S. history survey course because it works in the classroom. A single-author text by a leader in the field, Give Me Liberty! delivers an authoritative, accessible, concise, and integrated American history. Updated with powerful new scholarship on borderlands and the West, the Fifth Edition brings new interactive History Skills Tutorials and Norton InQuizitive for History, the award-winning adaptive quizzing tool. The best-selling Seagull Edition is also available in full color for the first time.
Liberty Equality Power A History Of The American People Vol Ii Since 1863 Concise Edition
Author :John M. MurrinISBN :9780495903833
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LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER offers students a clear, concise understanding of how America transformed itself, in a relatively short time, from a land inhabited by hunter-gatherer and agricultural Native American societies into the most powerful industrial nation on earth. The authors promote this understanding by telling the story of America through the lens of three major themes: liberty, equality, and power. An approach which helps students understand not only the effect of the notions of liberty and equality, which are often associated with the American story, but also how dominant and subordinate groups have affected and been affected by the ever-shifting balance of power. The Concise Fifth Edition incorporates the work of new coauthor, Alice Fahs (University of California, Irvine), an accomplished historian of the 19th and 20th centuries, with special expertise in cultural history and the history of gender. LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER continues to offer strong political, social, and cultural coverage and valuable pedagogical tools including History Through Film (now one in every chapter) to help draw students into the material and show the relevance of history to their own lives. LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER: A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, CONCISE, 5e is available in the following volume splits: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER: A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, CONCISE FIFTH EDITION (Chapters 1-32), ISBN: 9781439084953; LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER: A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, CONCISE 5e, VOLUME I: TO 1877, (Chapters 1-17), ISBN: 9780495903826; and LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER: A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, CONCISE 5e, VOLUME II: SINCE 1863, (Chapters 17-32), ISBN: 9780495903833. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
A People And A Nation Volume Ii Since 1865 Brief Edition
Author :Mary Beth NortonISBN :9781305142787
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The Brief Edition of A PEOPLE AND A NATION offers a succinct and spirited narrative that tells the stories of all people in the United States. The authors' attention to race and racial identity, and their inclusion of everyday people and popular culture brings history to life, engaging readers and encouraging them to imagine what life was really like in the past. In the tenth edition, the number of chapters has been reduced from 33 to 29, making the text easier to assign in a typical semester. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
Liberty Equality Power A History Of The American People Volume 2 Since 1863
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A highly respected, balanced, and thoroughly modern approach to US History, LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER, uses these three themes to show how the United States was transformed from hunter-gatherer and agricultural Native American societies into the most powerful industrial nation on earth. This approach helps students understand the impact of the notions of liberty and equality, which are often associated with the American story, and also how dominant and subordinate groups have affected and been affected by the ever-shifting balance of power. The text integrates the best of recent social and cultural scholarship -- including fun material on music and movies -- into a political story, offering students the most comprehensive and complete understanding of American history available. Available in the following split options: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER, Sixth Edition (Chapters 1-32), ISBN: 978-0-495-90499-1; Volume 1: To 1877 (Chapters 1-17), ISBN: 978-0-495-91587-4; Volume 2: Since 1863 (Chapters 17-32), ISBN: 978-0-495-91588-1. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
Give Me Liberty
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The leading text, in a compact, value edition.
Cengage Advantage Books Liberty Equality Power A History Of The American People Volume 2 Since 1863
Author :John MurrinISBN :9781111830885
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Developed to meet the demand for a low-cost, high-quality history book, this economically priced version of LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER, Sixth Edition offers readers the complete narrative while limiting the number of features, photos, and maps. All volumes feature a paperback, two-color format that appeals to those seeking a comprehensive, trade-sized history text. A highly respected, balanced, and thoroughly modern approach to U.S. History, LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER uses these three themes in a unique approach to show how the United States was transformed, in a relatively short time, from a land inhabited by hunter-gatherer and agricultural Native American societies into the most powerful industrial nation on earth. This approach helps students understand not only the impact of the notions of liberty and equality, which are often associated with the American story, but also how dominant and subordinate groups have affected and been affected by the ever-shifting balance of power. The text integrates the best of recent social and cultural scholarship into a political story, offering students the most comprehensive and complete understanding of American history available. Available in the following split options: CENGAGE ADVANTAGE BOOKS: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, POWER, Sixth Edition (Chapters 1-32), ISBN: 9781111830861; Volume 1: To 1877 (Chapters 1-17), ISBN: 9781111830878; Volume 2: Since 1863 (Chapters 17-32), ISBN: 9781111830885. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
The Publishers Trade List Annual
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Dissent
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Finalist, 2016 Ralph Waldo Emerson Award One of Bustle's Books For Your Civil Disobedience Reading List Dissent: The History of an American Idea examines the key role dissent has played in shaping the United States. It focuses on those who, from colonial days to the present, dissented against the ruling paradigm of their time: from the Puritan Anne Hutchinson and Native American chief Powhatan in the seventeenth century, to the Occupy and Tea Party movements in the twenty-first century. The emphasis is on the way Americans, celebrated figures and anonymous ordinary citizens, responded to what they saw as the injustices that prevented them from fully experiencing their vision of America. At its founding the United States committed itself to lofty ideals. When the promise of those ideals was not fully realized by all Americans, many protested and demanded that the United States live up to its promise. Women fought for equal rights; abolitionists sought to destroy slavery; workers organized unions; Indians resisted white encroachment on their land; radicals angrily demanded an end to the dominance of the moneyed interests; civil rights protestors marched to end segregation; antiwar activists took to the streets to protest the nation’s wars; and reactionaries, conservatives, and traditionalists in each decade struggled to turn back the clock to a simpler, more secure time. Some dissenters are celebrated heroes of American history, while others are ordinary people: frequently overlooked, but whose stories show that change is often accomplished through grassroots activism. The United States is a nation founded on the promise and power of dissent. In this stunningly comprehensive volume, Ralph Young shows us its history. Teaching Resources from Temple University: Sample Course Syllabus Teaching Resources from C-Span Classroom Teaching Resources from Temple University
Making America A History Of The United States Brief
Eric Foner Give Me Liberty Pdf Download Free
Author :Carol BerkinISBN :9780618471393
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MAKING AMERICA: A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, BRIEF FIFTH EDITION, presents history as a dynamic process shaped by human expectations, difficult choices, and often the surprising consequences. With this focus on history as a process, MAKING AMERICA encourages students to think historically and to develop into citizens who value the past. The clear chronology, straightforward narrative, and strong thematic structure emphasize communication over intimidation, and appeal to students of varied learning levels. The Brief Fifth Edition retains a hallmark feature of the MAKING AMERICA program: pedagogical tools that allow students to master complex material and enable them to develop analytical skills. Every chapter has chapter outlines, chronologies, focus questions, and in-text glossaries to provide guidance throughout the text. A new feature called Investigating America gets to the heart of learning history: reading and analyzing primary sources. The text’s new open, inviting design allows students to access and use pedagogy to improve learning. Available in the following split options: MAKING AMERICA, Brief Fifth Edition (Chapters 1-30), ISBN: 978-0-618-47139-3; Volume I: To 1877 (Chapters 1-15), ISBN: 978-0-618-47140-9; Volume II: Since 1865 (Chapters 15-30), ISBN: 978-0-618-47141-6. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
Program Of The Annual Meeting
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Give Me Liberty Eric Foner 5th Edition Pdf Download
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| Dysentery | |
|---|---|
| A person with dysentery in a Burma hospital, 1943 | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Bloody diarrhea,[1]abdominal pain, fever |
| Causes | Usually Shigella or Entamoeba histolytica[1] |
Dysentery is an inflammatory disease of the intestine, especially of the colon, which always results in severe diarrhea and abdominal pains.[1][2][3] Other symptoms may include fever and a feeling of incomplete defecation. The disease is caused by several types of infectious pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites.
- 2Mechanism
- 3Diagnosis
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The most common form of dysentery is bacillary dysentery, which is typically a mild sickness, causing symptoms normally consisting of mild gut pains and frequent passage of stool or diarrhea. Symptoms normally present themselves after 1-3 days, and are usually no longer present after a week. The frequency of urges to defecate, the large volume of liquid feces ejected, and the presence of blood, mucus or pus depends on the pathogen causing the disease. Temporary lactose intolerance can occur, as well. In some caustic occasions severe abdominal cramps, fever, shock and delirium can all be symptoms.[3][4][5][6]
In extreme cases, dysentery patients may pass more than one liter of fluid per hour. More often, individuals will complain of intense abdominal pains and severe diarrhea with blood or mucus, accompanied by rectal pain and low-grade fever. Rapid weight loss and generalized muscle aches sometimes also accompany dysentery, while nausea and vomiting are rare. On rare occasions, the amoebic parasite will invade the body through the bloodstream and spread beyond the intestines. In such cases, it may more seriously infect other organs such as the brain, lungs, and most commonly the liver.[7]
Mechanism[edit]
Dysentery results from viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections. These pathogens typically reach the large intestine after entering orally, through ingestion of contaminated food or water, oral contact with contaminated objects or hands, and so on.
Each specific pathogen has its own mechanism or pathogenesis, but in general, the result is damage to the intestinal linings, leading to the inflammatory immune responses. This can cause elevated physical temperature, painful spasms of the intestinal muscles (cramping), swelling due to fluid leaking from capillaries of the intestine (edema) and further tissue damage by the body's immune cells and the chemicals, called cytokines, which are released to fight the infection. The result can be impaired nutrient absorption, excessive water and mineral loss through the stools due to breakdown of the control mechanisms in the intestinal tissue that normally remove water from the stools, and in severe cases, the entry of pathogenic organisms into the bloodstream. Anemia may also arise due to the blood loss through diarrhea.
Bacterial infections that cause bloody diarrhea are typically classified as being either invasive or toxogenic. Invasive species cause damage directly by invading into the mucosa. The toxogenic species do not invade, but cause cellular damage by secreting toxins, resulting in bloody diarrhea. This is also in contrast to toxins that cause watery diarrhea, which usually do not cause cellular damage, but rather they take over cellular machinery for a portion of life of the cell.[8]
Some microorganisms – for example, bacteria of the genus Shigella – secrete substances known as cytotoxins, which kill and damage intestinal tissue on contact. Shigella is thought to cause bleeding due to invasion rather than toxin, because even non-toxogenic strains can cause dysentery, but E. coli with shiga-like toxins do not invade the intestinal mucosa, and are therefore toxin dependent. Viruses directly attack the intestinal cells, taking over their metabolic machinery to make copies of themselves, which leads to cell death.
Definitions of dysentery can vary by region and by medical specialty. The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) limits its definition to 'diarrhea with visible blood'.[9] Others define the term more broadly.[10] These differences in definition must be taken into account when defining mechanisms. For example, using the CDC definition requires that intestinal tissue be so severely damaged that blood vessels have ruptured, allowing visible quantities of blood to be lost with defecation. Other definitions require less specific damage.
Amoebic dysentery[edit]
Amoebiasis, also known as amoebic dysentery, is caused by an infection from the amoebaEntamoeba histolytica,[11] which is found mainly in tropical areas.[12] Proper treatment of the underlying infection of amoebic dysentery is important; insufficiently treated amoebiasis can lie dormant for years and subsequently lead to severe, potentially fatal, complications.
When amoebae inside the bowel of an infected person are ready to leave the body, they group together and form a shell that surrounds and protects them. This group of amoebae is known as a cyst, which is then passed out of the person's body in the feces and can survive outside the body. If hygiene standards are poor — for example, if the person does not dispose of the feces hygienically — then it can contaminate the surroundings, such as nearby food and water.If another person then eats or drinks food or water that has been contaminated with feces containing the cyst, that person will also become infected with the amoebae. Amoebic dysentery is particularly common in parts of the world where human feces are used as fertilizer.After entering the person's body through the mouth, the cyst travels down into the stomach. The amoebae inside the cyst are protected from the stomach's digestive acid. From the stomach, the cyst travels to the intestines, where it breaks open and releases the amoebae, causing the infection. The amoebae can burrow into the walls of the intestines and cause small abscesses and ulcers to form. The cycle then begins again.
Bacillary dysentery[edit]
Dysentery may also be caused by shigellosis, an infection by bacteria of the genus Shigella, and is then known as bacillary dysentery (or Marlow syndrome). The term bacillary dysentery etymologically might seem to refer to any dysentery caused by any bacilliform bacteria, but its meaning is restricted by convention to Shigella dysentery.
Other bacterial diarrhea[edit]
Some strains of Escherichia coli cause bloody diarrhea. The typical culprits are enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, of which O157:H7 is the best known.
Diagnosis[edit]
A clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a history and doing a brief examination. Treatment is usually started without or before confirmation by laboratory analysis.
Physical exam[edit]
The mouth, skin, and lips may appear dry due to dehydration. Lower abdominal tenderness may also be present.[7]
Stool and blood tests[edit]
Cultures of stool samples are examined to identify the organism causing dysentery. Usually, several samples must be obtained due to the number of amoebae, which changes daily.[7]Blood tests can be used to measure abnormalities in the levels of essential minerals and salts.[7]
Treatment[edit]
Dysentery is managed by maintaining fluids by using oral rehydration therapy. If this treatment cannot be adequately maintained due to vomiting or the profuseness of diarrhea, hospital admission may be required for intravenous fluid replacement. In ideal situations, no antimicrobial therapy should be administered until microbiological microscopy and culture studies have established the specific infection involved. When laboratory services are not available, it may be necessary to administer a combination of drugs, including an amoebicidal drug to kill the parasite, and an antibiotic to treat any associated bacterial infection.
If shigellosis is suspected and it is not too severe, letting it run its course may be reasonable — usually less than a week. If the case is severe, antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin or TMP-SMX may be useful. However, many strains of Shigella are becoming resistant to common antibiotics, and effective medications are often in short supply in developing countries. If necessary, a doctor may have to reserve antibiotics for those at highest risk for death, including young children, people over 50, and anyone suffering from dehydration or malnutrition.
Amoebic dysentery is often treated with two antimicrobial drugs such as metronidazole and paromomycin or iodoquinol.[13]
The seed, leaves, and bark of the kapok tree have been used in traditional medicine by indigenous peoples of the rainforest regions in the Americas, west-central Africa, and Southeast Asia to treat this disease.[14][15][16]Bacillus subtilis was marketed throughout America and Europe from 1946 as an immunostimulatory aid in the treatment of gut and urinary tract diseases such as rotavirus and Shigella,[17] but declined in popularity after the introduction of consumer antibiotics.
Prognosis[edit]
With correct treatment, most cases of amoebic and bacterial dysentery subside within 10 days, and most individuals achieve a full recovery within two to four weeks after beginning proper treatment. If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease. Extreme dehydration can delay recovery and significantly raises the risk for serious complications.[18]
Epidemiology[edit]
Insufficient data exists, but Shigella is estimated to have caused the death of 34,000 children under the age of five in 2013, and 40,000 deaths in people over five years of age.[19] Amoebiasis infects over 50 million people each year, of whom 50,000 die.[20]
Notable cases[edit]
- 685 – Constantine IV, the Byzantine emperor, died of dysentery in September 685.
- 1183 – Henry the Young King died of dysentery at the castle of Martel on June 11 1183.
- 1216 – King John of England died of dysentery at Newark Castle on 18 October 1216.[21]
- 1270 – Saint Louis IX of France died of dysentery in Tunis while commanding his troops for the Eighth Crusade on 25 September 1270.
- 1307 – King Edward I of England caught dysentery on his way to the Scottish border and died in his servants' arms on 6 July 1307.
- 1422 – King Henry V of England died suddenly on 31 August 1422 at the Château de Vincennes, apparently from dysentery,[22] which he had contracted during the siege of Meaux. He was 36 years old and had reigned for nine years.
- 1536 – Erasmus, Dutch renaissance humanist and theologian. At Basel.[23]
- 1596 – Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral, died of dysentery on 28 January 1596 whilst anchored off the coast of Portobelo.[24]
- 1605 – Akbar, ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, died of dysentery. On 3 October 1605, he fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on or about 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Agra, present-day India.[25]
- 1675 – Jacques Marquette died of dysentery on his way north from what is today Chicago, traveling to the mission where he intended to spend the rest of his life.[26]
- 1676 – Nathaniel Bacon died of dysentery after taking control of Virginia following Bacon's Rebellion. He is believed to have died in October 1676, allowing Virginia's ruling elite to regain control.[27]
- 19th century – As late as the nineteenth century, the 'bloody flux' it is estimated, killed more soldiers and sailors than did combat.[10]Typhus and dysentery decimated Napoleon's Grande Armée in Russia. More than 80,000 Union soldiers died of dysentery during the American Civil War.[28]
- 1827 – Queen Nandi kaBhebhe, (mother of Shaka Zulu) died of dysentery on October 10, 1827.[29]
- 1896 – Phan Đình Phùng, a Vietnamese revolutionary who led rebel armies against French colonial forces in Vietnam, died of dysentery as the French surrounded his forces on January 21, 1896.[30]
- 1930 – The French explorer and writer, Michel Vieuchange, died of dysentery in Agadir on 30 November 1930, on his return from the 'forbidden city' of Smara. He was nursed by his brother, Doctor Jean Vieuchange, who was unable to save him. The notebooks and photographs, edited by Jean Vieuchange, went on to become bestsellers.[31][32]
- 1942 – The Selarang Barracks incident in the summer of 1942 during World War II involved the forced crowding of 17,000 Anglo-Australianprisoners-of-war (POWs) by their Japanese captors in the areas around the barracks square for nearly five days with little water and no sanitation after the Selarang Barracks POWs refused to sign a pledge not to escape. The incident ended with the surrender of the Australian commanders due to the spreading of dysentery among their men.[33]
Research[edit]
Although there is currently no vaccine which protects against Shigella infection, several are in development.[19][34] Vaccination may eventually become a critical part of the strategy to reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea, particularly among children in low-resource settings. For example, Shigella is a longstanding World Health Organization (WHO) target for vaccine development, and sharp declines in age-specific diarrhea/dysentery attack rates for this pathogen indicate that natural immunity does develop following exposure; thus, vaccination to prevent this disease should be feasible. The development of vaccines against these types of infection has been hampered by technical constraints, insufficient support for coordination, and a lack of market forces for research and development. Most vaccine development efforts are taking place in the public sector or as research programs within biotechnology companies.
See also[edit]
- Cholera, a bacterial infection of the small intestine which produces severe diarrhea.
References[edit]
- ^ abc'Dysentery'. who.int. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ^Traveller's Diarrhea: Dysentery ISBN0-86318-864-8 p. 214
- ^ ab'Dysentery' at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^DuPont, H.L. (1978). 'Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children'. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 173 (5 Pt 2): 649–53. PMID359524.
- ^DeWitt, T.G. (1989). 'Acute diarrhoea in children'. Pediatr Rev. 11 (1): 6–13. doi:10.1542/pir.11-1-6. PMID2664748.
- ^'Dysentery symptoms'. National Health Service. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
- ^ abcd'Dysentery-Diagnosis'. mdguidelines.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^Ryan, Jason (2016). Boards and Beyond: Infectious Disease (Version 9-26-2016 ed.).
- ^'Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera'(PDF). WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, Georgia 1999. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 March 2012.
- ^ ab'Dysentery'. TheFreeDictionary's Medical dictionary.
- ^WHO (1969). 'Amoebiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee'. WHO Technical Report Series. 421: 1–52. PMID4978968.
- ^Amebic+Dysentery at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^'Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel'. CDC. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^'Kapok Tree'. Blue Planet and Biomoes. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^'Ceiba pentandra'. Human Uses and Cultural Importance. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^'Kapok Emergent Tree Of Tropical Rain Forest Used To Treat Asthma Dysentery Fever Kidney Diseases'. encyclocenter.com. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^Mazza, P. (1994). 'The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism'. Boll. Chim. Farm. 133 (1): 3–18. PMID8166962.
- ^mdguidelines.com. 'Dysentery-Prognosis'. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
- ^ abMani, Sachin; Wierzba, Thomas; Walker, Richard I (2016). 'Status of vaccine research and development Shigella'. Vaccine. 34 (26): 2887–2894. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.075. PMID26979135.
- ^Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M. ABC-CLIO. pp. 175–176. ISBN978-0-313-34102-1.
- ^Warren, W. Lewis (1991). King John. London: Methuen. p. 253. ISBN978-0-413-45520-8.
- ^'BBC - History - Henry V'. bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 'Desiderius Erasmus' . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^'BBC - History - Sir Francis Drake'. bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ^Majumdar 1984, pp. 168–169
- ^[1]Archived March 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Foner, Eric (2012). Give Me Liberty! An American History (brief ed.). New York, London: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN9780393920321.
- ^Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history. ABC–CLIO. p. 189. ISBN978-1-85109-951-1.
- ^cite Morris, Donald R. (1998). The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
- ^Marr, David G. (1970). Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925. Berkeley, California: University of California. p. 68. ISBN978-0-520-01813-6.
- ^Meaux, Antoine de (2004). L'ultime désert: vie et mort de Michel Vieuchange (in French). Paris: Phébus. pp. 29, 245–249 & 253. ISBN978-2-85940-997-5.
- ^Vieuchange, Michel (1988) [1932]. Smara: The Forbidden City. Fletcher Allen, Edgar (translation); Vieuchange, Jean (editor; introduction, notes, postscript); Claudel, Paul (preface). (Reprinted ed.). New York: Ecco. ISBN978-0-88001-146-4.
- ^Thompson, Peter (2005). The Battle For Singapore—The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II. United Kingdom: Portraits Books. pp. 389–390. ISBN978-0-7499-5085-9.
- ^'WHO vaccine pipeline tracker'. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
External links[edit]
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